Abstract Soft-tissue calcifications are extremely common. Because the imaging findings are nonspecific, soft-tissue calcifications are often problematic for radiologists, sometimes prompting unnecessary interventions. In addition, the nomenclature is quite confusing. Classically, soft-tissue calcifications are divided into four categories, by mechanism of formation-dystrophic, iatrogenic, metastatic, and idiopathic-depending on the clinical and biochemical correlation. However, it is also possible to classify such calcifications by compartment, and that classification can be quite useful in the radiological diagnostic assessment. In this article, we illustrate the main causes of soft-tissue calcifications, organizing them according to their anatomical and pathophysiological aspects, thus narrowing the differential diagnosis.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Altas prevalências de maus-tratos entre estudantes de medicina vêm sendo descritas na literatura internacional desde a década de 1980. Estudos sobre a gravidade e recorrência da vitimização e seus efeitos na percepção dos alunos sobre o curso médico são escassos. Este estudo tem por objetivo estimar a prevalência de exposição a maus-tratos considerados graves e recorrentes e sua associação com a percepção dos estudantes de medicina sobre o curso médico. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado em uma escola médica em São Paulo, Brasil. Trezentos e dezessete estudantes do primeiro ao sexto ano responderam ao questionário online . RESULTADOS: Foram encontradas altas prevalências de maus-tratos durante o curso. Dois terços dos estudantes consideraram os maus-tratos graves e cerca de um terço referiu vitimização recorrente. A ocorrência de maus-tratos considerados graves pelos estudantes esteve associada a sentimento de sobrecarga e desejo de abandonar o curso médico. CONCLUSÃO: A ocorrência de maus-tratos no ambiente acadêmico é frequente no Brasil. Os resultados sugerem que os maus-tratos percebidos como graves podem afetar negativamente a percepção dos estudantes sobre o curso.

ABSTRACT: CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: High prevalence of mistreatment among medical students has been described in the worldwide literature since the 1980s. However, studies addressing the severity and recurrence of victimization and its effects on students' perceptions of their medical course are scarce. This study had the aim of estimating the prevalence of exposure to mistreatment that was considered to be severe and recurrent and its association with medical students' perceptions about their medical course. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a medical school in São Paulo, Brazil. Three hundred and seventeen students from the first to the sixth year answered the online questionnaire. RESULTS: High prevalence of mistreatment during the course was found. Two thirds of the students considered the episodes to be severe, and around one third reported experiencing recurrent victimization. Occurences of mistreatment that the students considered to be severe were correlated with feeling overloaded and wanting to abandon the medical course. CONCLUSIONS: Occurrences of mistreatment within the academic environment are frequent in Brazil. The results suggest that mistreatment that was considered to be severe might negatively affect students' perceptions about their course.